Law is a body of rules, often enforced by a sovereign government, that regulates a range of human activities. It orders, permits and forbids. It announces rewards and punishments. It also governs the relationships between people. Some laws are based on natural or divine principles, while others may be derived from social customs and traditions. Most legal systems have some combination of these elements.
The law reflects the beliefs, values and ideals of a society. It shapes politics, economics and history, as well as governing human behavior. It is a complex and highly politicized concept, with conflicting views on its nature, purpose, scope, and meaning.
Many philosophers have defined law. Early theories were utilitarian, such as John Austin’s explanation that “law is the imposing of commandments, backed by threats of sanction, from a sovereign to which the individual has a habit of obedience”. Others, like Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s “natural law” theory, believed that laws reflect innate, universal morality, and are therefore binding on all human beings. Other philosophers have focused on the historical evolution of the law, including Friedrich Karl von Savigny’s argument that legal system development follows a linear pattern and that laws are a product of cultural development.
Modern legal practice is typically overseen by a regulating body, such as a bar association or law society, to ensure ethical standards are met. Lawyers are also required to meet other qualifications, such as a legal education that results in a Bachelor of Laws, Bachelor of Civil Laws or Juris Doctor degree.
A wide variety of legal fields exist, from labour law to intellectual property. Civil rights, criminal justice and family law are the areas that deal with disputes between individuals, while commercial law focuses on complicated contracts and property ownership.
Many nations have their own distinct legal systems, though some share some common features. For example, most nations have a constitution that contains some core legal principles and defines the fundamental structure of their nation. In addition, many have a tradition of judicial review and appeals.
Many modern laws are based on common-law principles, but a few are codified in a comprehensive statute, such as the United States Code. In other cases, the federal and state levels of law coexist. For example, antitrust law and patent law are powerful federal laws that preempt state law in some cases. Similarly, labor law (e.g., the tripartite relationship between worker, employer and trade union) is a matter of both state and federal law. The same is true for evidence law, which establishes how materials can be admissible in court. The law of corporations grew out of the law of trusts, while commercial law, insurance law, bills of exchange, insolvency and bankruptcy law and sales law all have roots in the medieval Lex Mercatoria. Historically, the law of slavery was a separate area of law.